http://topics.cnn.com/topics/feeds/rss/MenopauseFind stories, videos, and photos about Menopause from CNN.com.en-usCable News Network LP, LLLP.Sun, 08 Nov 2009 18:10:21 GMT5http://i.cdn.turner.com//cnn/2009/HEALTH/09/28/high.cholesterol.women/tztop.woman.and.dog.cnn.jpghttp://topics.cnn.com/topics/feeds/rss/Menopause14433Find stories, videos, and photos about Menopause from CNN.com.http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/28/high.cholesterol.women/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/28/high.cholesterol.women/index.html#cnnSTCTextWhen 48-year-old Erin Peiffer, of Eldersburg, Maryland, learned that she had high cholesterol in her 20s, she never thought it would pose a problem.Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:36:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/25/nine.sleep.problems/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/25/nine.sleep.problems/index.html#cnnSTCTextMost of us have experienced those maddening midnight moments when, no matter how tired we are, we either can't fall asleep, can't stay asleep or our sleep is of such poor quality it feels as if we were awake. For anyone who has tossed and turned at night, here's some expert advice for solving nine sleep problems.Fri, 25 Sep 2009 15:09:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/17/breast.cancer.drugs/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/17/breast.cancer.drugs/index.html#cnnSTCTextWomen at high risk of breast cancer can often lower that risk by taking medication, including drugs like tamoxifen or the osteoporosis drug raloxifene (Evista).Fri, 18 Sep 2009 16:19:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/08/10/breast.cancer.breastfeeding/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/08/10/breast.cancer.breastfeeding/index.html#cnnSTCTextWomen with a family history of breast cancer may have a new weapon against the disease: breast-feeding. In a new study of more than 60,000 women, nursing a baby for at least three months cut the risk of breast cancer in half for those who had a family history of the disease.Tue, 11 Aug 2009 19:13:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/expert.q.a/08/10/menopause.birth.control.shu/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/expert.q.a/08/10/menopause.birth.control.shu/index.html#cnnSTCTextI am 49 years old and take Seasonique. Will I start menopause even though I am on birth control?Mon, 10 Aug 2009 13:39:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/07/22/birth.control.older.women/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/07/22/birth.control.older.women/index.html#cnnSTCTextFallen out of love with your birth control? Maybe you're put off by the side effects -- cramps from hell, unpredictable bleeding. Or maybe remembering to pop a pill just isn't your strong suit. Problem is, going without isn't a good choice, even as you get older: Nearly 40 percent of pregnancies among women in their 40s, for instance, are unplanned.Wed, 22 Jul 2009 16:26:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/07/14/ovarian.cancer.hrt/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/07/14/ovarian.cancer.hrt/index.html#cnnSTCTextWomen who use hormone therapy after menopause may be at a higher risk of ovarian cancer, and the risk remains elevated for up to two years after women stop taking estrogen, a new study says.Tue, 14 Jul 2009 22:00:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/06/17/menstrual.problem.fix/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/06/17/menstrual.problem.fix/index.html#cnnSTCTextYour period comes at the same time every month ... except when it doesn't. Suddenly, without warning, you're early or late, or your flow is heavy, light, or nonexistent (and you know you're not pregnant!). You and millions of women understandably wonder, Is this normal or is something terribly wrong?Wed, 17 Jun 2009 15:57:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/expert.q.a/04/08/ovarian.cyst.surgery.brawley/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/expert.q.a/04/08/ovarian.cyst.surgery.brawley/index.html#cnnSTCTextI have had painful periods for the past couple of years and have also had ovarian cysts. I had a couple of larger cysts removed about five years ago and was told I had endometriosis at that time. I continue to have pain and now have been told I have a 7 cm cyst on the right ovary. My doctor recommends removing both ovaries and the uterus. I'm just researching the pros and cons. Was wondering if there are any major issues I should be concerned about if I had the uterus and both ovaries removed. I am 42 and do not plan to have children. Given the history of pain and previous cysts, is it a good idea to go ahead and remove everything? Thanks for your time. MelissaWed, 08 Apr 2009 13:30:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/18/darth.vader.cancer/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/18/darth.vader.cancer/index.html#cnnSTCTextDavid Prowse, who played Darth Vader in the original "Star Wars" films, has revealed he is suffering from prostate cancer but is still feeling "fantastic."Wed, 18 Mar 2009 14:58:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/04/health.hormone.cancer/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/04/health.hormone.cancer/index.html#cnnSTCTextU.S. breast cancer cases have dropped in women aged 50 to 69 in recent years because many women have stopped taking hormone therapy, according to a study in The New England Journal of Medicine.Wed, 04 Feb 2009 22:08:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/28/hormone.therapy/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/28/hormone.therapy/index.html#cnnSTCTextDr. Joann Manson, author of Hot Flashes, Hormones, and Your Health, suggests asking yourself three questions before going to the doctor.Wed, 28 Jan 2009 23:54:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/12/healthmag.hormone.therapy/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/12/healthmag.hormone.therapy/index.html#cnnSTCTextNot too long ago, millions of postmenopausal women were taking estrogen as part of hormone therapy to protect their hearts, prevent cancer, and keep their brains sharp.Mon, 12 Jan 2009 22:17:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/05/healthmag.heart.health/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/05/healthmag.heart.health/index.html#cnnSTCTextThe statistics are sobering: Heart disease is the number-one killer of women in the United States. And an estimated 8 million women have it. What's more, a new study shows that in recent years the overall heart disease risk for Americans -- especially women -- hasn't continued the healthy downward trend it showed in previous decades.Mon, 05 Jan 2009 16:30:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/dailydose/11/26/women.brain.menopause/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/dailydose/11/26/women.brain.menopause/index.html#cnnSTCTextFor the 150,000 American women entering menopause each month, the mood swings, hot flashes and libido changes that often accompany a drop in estrogen can leave them feeling like they need help. In the past, hormone replacement therapy was often used to help ease symptoms, but compelling research has shown a significant drop in breast cancer cases among women over 50 after they stopped hormone therapy. This leaves many women asking, how do I manage menopause?Mon, 22 Dec 2008 17:39:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/11/06/healthmag.testosterone.patch.sex/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/11/06/healthmag.testosterone.patch.sex/index.html#cnnSTCTextPostmenopausal women who have lost interest in sex may be able to bring their libidos back to life with a testosterone patch, according to new research published this week in The New England Journal of Medicine.Thu, 06 Nov 2008 21:14:00 ESThttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1844570,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicshttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1844570,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicsAn experimental menopause treatment drugmaker Wyeth is developing reduced hot flashes, trouble sleeping and other symptoms Thu, 25 Sep 2008 20:00:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/07/21/hm.perimenopause/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/07/21/hm.perimenopause/index.html#cnnSTCTextLisle Nolan started noticing the symptoms four months ago: headaches, mood swings and a menstrual cycle that was out of whack.Mon, 21 Jul 2008 13:16:00 EDThttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1756831,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicshttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1756831,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicsGet your daughters off the couch: New research shows exercise during the teen years -- starting as young as age 12 -- can help protect girls from breast cancer when they're grownTue, 13 May 2008 22:00:00 EDThttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1736472,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicshttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1736472,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicsDutch researchers are developing a blood test that could predict the onset of menopause and the decline of fertilityThu, 01 May 2008 11:00:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/04/28/chocolate.trial/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/04/28/chocolate.trial/index.html#cnnSTCTextScientists in the UK are seeking 150 women to eat chocolate every day for a year in the cause of medical research.Mon, 28 Apr 2008 15:54:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/04/18/hfh.menopause/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/04/18/hfh.menopause/index.html#cnnSTCTextAs a mature woman -- at least chronologically -- I don't spend a lot of time thinking or worrying about menopause. Fri, 18 Apr 2008 17:37:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/03/11/healthmag.breasts/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/03/11/healthmag.breasts/index.html#cnnSTCTextLet's face it: There's no body part women obsess about more than breasts -- their size, shape, sag factor, and whether those strange pains stem from monthly PMS hormones or something more ominous, like breast cancer. Tue, 11 Mar 2008 14:28:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/03/06/ep.hormone.therapy/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/03/06/ep.hormone.therapy/index.html#cnnSTCTextDr. Bernadine Healy can't even count the number of women who've complained to her about how tough it is to make the decision about hormone replacement therapy.Thu, 06 Mar 2008 14:45:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/02/12/healthmag.no.sex/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/02/12/healthmag.no.sex/index.html#cnnSTCTextNot getting any? You're not alone: Women today have less time for sex than their 1950s counterparts. And it's estimated that 40 million Americans have what experts call a sexless marriage (having sex less than 10 times a year).Tue, 12 Feb 2008 14:59:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/11/30/hfh.no.plastic.surgery/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/11/30/hfh.no.plastic.surgery/index.html#cnnSTCText"If it sounds too good to be true, it is." Remember that axiom if you're considering cosmetic surgery. A nose job, tummy tuck or breast lift may change your appearance, but it probably won't fundamentally change your life.Fri, 30 Nov 2007 22:16:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/11/16/hfh.bone.health/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/11/16/hfh.bone.health/index.html#cnnSTCTextIf you want to stand up tall when you're old, you might want to start when you're young. While osteoporosis, or thinning of bone density, usually hits most women after they have gone through menopause, there are steps they can take in their early years to lessen just how much bone they eventually lose.Fri, 16 Nov 2007 21:17:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/09/19/ep.misdiagnoses/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/09/19/ep.misdiagnoses/index.html#cnnSTCTextIn June 2004, Trisha Torrey found a golf ball-size lump in her torso. A surgeon removed it and gave her the grim news: cancer. Thu, 20 Sep 2007 20:45:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2007/09/14/news/companies/bc.apfn.elililly.fda.ap/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2007/09/14/news/companies/bc.apfn.elililly.fda.ap/index.htmDrug developer Eli Lilly & Co. said Friday the Food and Drug Administration approved its osteoporosis drug Evista for use in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer.Fri, 14 Sep 2007 12:19:00 EDThttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1657450,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicshttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1657450,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicsResearchers are still figuring out the dangers and benefits of hormone replacement therapy, but two new studies give a boost to estrogen as a defense against dementiaWed, 29 Aug 2007 20:00:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/08/27/health.hrt.reut/index.html#cnnSTCTexthttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/08/27/health.hrt.reut/index.html#cnnSTCTextInvasive breast cancer rates have fallen since the substantial decline in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy occurred, even after a decline in breast cancer screening rates, according to findings published in the 5th Journal of the National Cancer Institute.Mon, 27 Aug 2007 10:18:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2007/08/24/magazines/fortune/simons_pharma.fortune/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2007/08/24/magazines/fortune/simons_pharma.fortune/index.htmYou'd think it was 1999 all over again.Fri, 24 Aug 2007 01:36:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/24/news/companies/bc.wyeth.pristiq.reut/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/24/news/companies/bc.wyeth.pristiq.reut/index.htmWyeth said U.S. regulators are unwilling to approve its experimental drug Pristiq for hot flashes until the company resolves concerns about its potential to cause serious heart and liver problems.Tue, 24 Jul 2007 02:38:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/20/news/companies/bc.elililly.update.reut/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/20/news/companies/bc.elililly.update.reut/index.htmEli Lilly & Co.'s osteoporosis drug Evista reduces the risk of breast cancer in some patients, but at a cost of an increased risk of serious side effects, regulatory reviewers said in documents released Friday.Fri, 20 Jul 2007 04:44:00 EDThttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1644362,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicshttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1644362,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicsBreast cancer survivors who ate more fruits and vegetables were not more likely to avoid a cancer recurrenceThu, 19 Jul 2007 18:05:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/19/news/companies/wyeth/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/19/news/companies/wyeth/index.htmWyeth stock dropped 2 percent in Thursday afternoon trading despite a strong earnings report, and analysts think that the experimental drug Pristiq is to blame.Thu, 19 Jul 2007 07:04:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/06/news/companies/amgen/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2007/07/06/news/companies/amgen/index.htmAmgen, king of the biotechs, sits on a shaky throne.Fri, 06 Jul 2007 07:21:00 EDThttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1635370,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicshttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1635370,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topicsA new study shows that for younger post-menopausal women, estrogen may actually reduce the risk of heart diseaseMon, 25 Jun 2007 18:55:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/06/06/healthmag.fibroids/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/06/06/healthmag.fibroids/index.htmlCece Clark's fibroids had gotten so bad that she often had to lie down in the middle of the day. When she got up, it was usually for another trip to the bathroom. "My periods were astoundingly heavy, and pressure on my bladder made me feel like I had to go all the time," she recalls. But after she tried an uncommon ultrasound treatment, everything changed. "The pressure lessened right away," she says. "It was such a physical and emotional relief."Wed, 06 Jun 2007 13:58:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/01/10/peri.menopause/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/01/10/peri.menopause/index.htmlWhat shapes a woman's reality -- how she sees the world, how she relates to the people in her life, and how she feels about herself?Wed, 10 Jan 2007 14:44:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/12/15/gupta.breast.cancer/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/12/15/gupta.breast.cancer/index.htmlThe number of new breast cancer cases dropped by 7 percent in 2003, according to research presented at a breast cancer conference in San Antonio, Texas, on Thursday. But some cancer experts wonder whether the decline will last. CNN's Soledad O'Brien discussed the new findings with Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta.Fri, 15 Dec 2006 18:07:00 ESThttp://money.cnn.com/2006/09/06/news/companies/wyeth/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2006/09/06/news/companies/wyeth/index.htmWyeth faces another lawsuit Wednesday - with thousands more to go -blaming its drug Prempro for causing breast cancer.Wed, 06 Sep 2006 16:01:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/2006/04/26/news/companies/wyeth/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/2006/04/26/news/companies/wyeth/index.htmGetting sued seems to be the price of doing business for Big Pharma, and Wyeth has once again joined the ranks of the defendants.Wed, 26 Apr 2006 18:34:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/04/20/journal.roundup/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/04/20/journal.roundup/index.htmlUnexpected benefitThu, 20 Apr 2006 17:50:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/diet.fitness/12/02/wine.lancet/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/diet.fitness/12/02/wine.lancet/index.htmlDrinking two to three glasses of wine a day may not be such good medicine for the heart after all, a team of experts say in a leading medical journal.Fri, 02 Dec 2005 08:38:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/11/21/stephanie.yarber/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/11/21/stephanie.yarber/index.htmlStephanie Yarber, from Alabama, became infertile in her teens. She gave birth to her first baby, Anna Grace, five months ago, after receiving healthy ovary tissue from her identical twin sister, Melanie Morgan. Here is her story:Mon, 21 Nov 2005 12:18:00 ESThttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/10/10/breast.cancer.QA/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/10/10/breast.cancer.QA/index.htmlIn 1987, around one in four women age 50 and older said they'd had a mammogram and breast exam in the past two years. Eleven years later, that number jumped to 69 percent.Mon, 10 Oct 2005 13:12:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/2005/10/01/8277955/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/2005/10/01/8277955/index.htmHEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR Sat, 01 Oct 2005 04:01:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/07/14/journal.roundup/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/07/14/journal.roundup/index.htmlToo much food, too little exerciseThu, 14 Jul 2005 18:12:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/05/05/journal.roundup/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/05/05/journal.roundup/index.htmlThe thick and thin of healthThu, 05 May 2005 19:06:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/06/14/372632/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/06/14/372632/index.htmWhen NBC booted blond star Suzanne Somers off Three's Company in 1981 after she demanded that her salary be quintupled to M*A*S*H star Alan Alda's $150,000 a year, critics scoffed she was a bimbo w...Mon, 14 Jun 2004 04:01:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/05/21/menopause/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/05/21/menopause/index.htmlMenopause is a normal part of a woman's life that is brought on by declining levels of estrogen and progesterone, which trigger the end of regular menstrual cycles.Fri, 21 May 2004 14:00:00 EDThttp://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/03/02/estrogen.trial/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/03/02/estrogen.trial/index.htmlThe federal government is halting a large study looking at the use of estrogen because the hormone replacement appears to have no impact on heart disease and may even cause adverse health effects, the Food and Drug Administration said Tuesday.Tue, 02 Mar 2004 13:22:00 ESThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/03/18/319902/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/03/18/319902/index.htm"Break a leg" may be good luck in the theater but not when it comes to osteoporosis. The disease causes bones to become more porous, gradually making them brittle--and it causes 1.5 million fractur...Mon, 18 Mar 2002 05:01:00 ESThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/01/07/316053/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/01/07/316053/index.htmWhen Leslie Wallace began having symptoms of menopause five years ago, her doctor prescribed Prempro, a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin (synthetic progesterone). She wanted relie...Mon, 07 Jan 2002 05:01:00 ESThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/10/02/288464/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/10/02/288464/index.htmOne of my patients, a 48-year-old woman, recently complained of having difficulty sleeping. She was also experiencing wild mood swings and hot flashes. She was convinced she was suffering from a ra...Mon, 02 Oct 2000 04:01:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1998/09/28/248704/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1998/09/28/248704/index.htmA few months before Charles "Chad" Holliday was installed as Du Pont's CEO last January, he spearheaded a bold stroke: his company's $1.5 billion acquisition of an obscure Ralston Purina unit calle...Mon, 28 Sep 1998 04:01:00 EDThttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1994/11/14/79938/index.htmhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1994/11/14/79938/index.htmDURING AN ANNUAL industry gathering, the regional manager of a communications giant began to feel warm. The air conditioner must be on the blink, she thought. But then she realized that everyone el...Mon, 14 Nov 1994 05:01:00 EST